SUSS IT: Secondary UltraSonographic Survey In Trauma
Definition – To suss: to look into something deeper, and acquire more information; or to solve a problem or puzzle using ingenuity.
This is a concept I have been thinking up for a while. And it turns out others have also been to the same place. Dr James Rippey (Ultrasound Village) and colleagues published this paper in 2009 that “brainstormed” all the possible uses of bedside US in trauma patients.
So what the heck is a “SUSS IT” – and why is it any different to what you do now? It stands for Secondary UltraSonographic Survey In Trauma. If nothing else it has a cool acronym! It is not a single scan, or protocol – it is more like a shopping list of all the scans that just might come in handy when dealing with a trauma.
I reckon there is are two types of US-users out there. There are some true diagnosticians who do scans to a standard that allows them to produce a reportable finding. Then there are the rest of us: ED docs with a probe and a prayer… we have a varying degree of experience and know our limitations. I am certainly in the second category – as are most ED docs I know. For me bedside US is basically an extension of my clinical examination. Often it provides a lot more information which allows me to change my management. My scan will never be comparable to a CT in terms of sensitivity, but it is a whole lot better than me using my eyes, ears and fingers only. Some parts of the ‘SUSS IT’ are clearly validated, have a basis in evidence and are used extensively eg. FAST, lung scans.
– Avoid radiation in the lesser trauma patient
– If you work in a CT-free hospital, like many in rural Australia
– If you are in a completely Xray free place – as in many places, at night, or on weekends
– If the patient is too sick to go to CT
– To diagnose those minor injuries that go along with major injuries, without having to go back to radiology dept.
– To get info early in the resus
– The haemodynamic and functional assessments eg. ECHO, IVC, ETTube / line placement – you need this data now – not after the CT.
– Because it is more useful than doing nothing whilst waiting for the flight team.
Airway
- Assessing for intubation difficulty by US might be more accurate than clinical asseesment – small pilot study, suggests it is more accurate than our usual techniques, and can be done in an unconscious / supine patient.
- Pre-induction marking of the neck for potential surgical airway has been widely used.
- US-guided surgical cricothyroidotomy – it might work – see this from the US podcast boys, paper pending – watch this space
- Verification of ETT placement and bilateral lung ventilation has been shown to be fast and accurate by Pfieffer et al
- CXR and clinical exam – not as good as the US at the bedside, this from Chest shows US is good for finding pneumothoaraces. This review of the evidence in Acad. Emerg Med 2010 concluded US was superior to CXR in blunt trauma
- Detect haemothorax in the supine patient – you just need to look up at the lung bases during your routine FAST scan…
- Rib fractures are usually easier to see on US than on plain films HQ Med have a nice video here
- Sternal fractures – ? a sign of deeper injury. Nice pics from Ultrasound Village – this is an easy scan to do!
- IVC diameter / change with respiration – has been used a lot to assess for hypovolemia / fluid responsiveness. A few studies show it can show subtle loss AJEM published this. Emcrit has a video showing you how to do it here (IVC collapse). Its not too hard.
- A focused ECHO looking at the LV for hyperdynamic motion in the context of trauma blood loss is good evidence you need to give red stuff! Another great clip from Ultrasound Village.
- Arterial line placement – sure we can do it without an US, but sometimes in the truly shut-down patient it can be tough. I found this study in Acad. Emerg. Med 2008 which shows it might be quicker, and require less stabs to get it in with the US probe in the other hand.
- IV access – surely the biggest IVC you can get in the biggest vein is a good thing – but in the world where obese people with deep veins can make you earn your keep – I think having the probe nearby just might come in handy.
- CVC placement. For me I always go for an IJ line in trauma if possible. Check out Sonoguide’s guide to all things US-guided venous access here
- FAST scans are well studied and used all over the planet. There are well defined clinical algorithms for the use of FAST scans such as this one from the Scand. J of Trauma, Resus and E Med 2009. I think most of us know and can use the FAST – so I will say no more about it here.
- Pregnancy assessment – in trauma there are a few questions you need to ask:
- Is this woman pregnant?
- Is the fetus alive?
- What is the gestation? ie. are we past the point of viability should delivery occur?
- Are there any obvious injuries. NB: using US to exclude an abruption is not a good idea, proven to be an insensitive exam (~50%).
- Matt Dawson (Emergency Ultrasound Podcast – the slower talkin’ one) would probably never forgive me if I did not mention the scrotum at this point.
- US is good for picking testicular trauma / rupture – especially if the scrotum is swollen and too tender to try and feel any anatomy
- Check out Dr Dawson’s opus of the orchids at EUP
- Long bone fractures are usually clinically obvious, but sometimes they can be subtle – especially in the unconscious patient. It can be easy to miss a radius or fibula fracture when you are busy fixing the chest or head injury.
- I have often been in the scenario where I finally get around to looking at the littler bones after all the resus is done and find something minor. Usually we just clean, plaster and tie it up for transit – but why not use the probe to confirm the injury – and avoid another trip to Xray with the ventilator? At least you can warn the receiving team about it – embarrassing to diagnose it on day 3 when the patient wakes up !
- Is there a fractured bone in that messy deep wound? Have a look – might need a proper washout sooner rather than later…
- Need to find some shrapnel, Us is good for this – it would be remiss to not have a link to an article from Dr Blaivas (Journ of US in Med)- so check out this one that looked at gunshot wounds in limbs. Blaivas is the guru of US in Emergency medicine in case you need to look something up.
IN SUMMARY
- Ultrasound is a useful extension to clinical examination. I am not suggesting that you use US in place of X-ray or CT if appropriate – I am saying you can use US as a way of sharpening the clinical exam and finding the pathology etc quicker.
- We know that our clinical skills are just not that great for much of what we need to achieve early in managing trauma
- Despite working in a small hospital – you can get a lot of information quickly using US techniques in trauma cases.
- If you are in the field or on a plane – then the SUSS IT is ideal. The evidence from disaster scenes shows it does make a difference to disposition and other decisions in the early stages of management.
- The SUSS IT is a smorgasbord of techniques that you can use as required to get information and modify your management in real-time.
- Most of these ‘scans’ take seconds to do – in a busy resus, they may be seconds well spent if you have the resources to do it…
I hope this gives you a platform to explore the utility of US in trauma. This is a rapidly expanding field of evidence, and I know I have missed some great US-tricks. So please let me know – are there any more morsels we can add to the smorgasbord?
I hope to make this a “Clinical Resource” and update it as new evidence comes to light.
Happy scanning – Casey
About The Author
Casey Parker
I am a GP working in Broome, NW of Western Australia. I work as a hospital DMO (District Med Officer) doing Emergency, Anaesthestics, some Obstetrics and a lot of miscellaneous primary care. Also on the web as @broomedocs | + Casey Parker | Contact
great stuff,Casey, I like the concept. scanning chest , heart and great vessels makes sense to me. airway USS as secondary survey not sure if that is what you intended but that does not make a lot of sense to me.
orthopaedic USS is novel but not sure once again its value in the secondary survey. xray is gold standard for orthopaedics in my opinion and whilst I have used it when xray is not available I think its value in picking up subtle fractures is not great in terms of secondary trauma survey. compartment syndrome early detection is intriguing though using colour doppler USS..there has been some studies but not a lot of work. Have you considered trialling it for that assessment or are you mainly using arterial line needle and transducer setupto assess compArtmental pressure in the rural ED setup?
ONSD USS and ICP assessment..mixed studies indicating benefit but I am a proponent for its use. I dont do prehospital LP so assessing for raised ICP prior to LP is of no use to me but I I can do things prehospitally to reduce elevated ICP in traumatic TBI. If I do a ONSD measure and its grossly abnormal, like 20mm. I can aggressively institute ICP lowering therapy like HTS, hyperventilation etc and repeat the ONSD in 30,minutes to see if it has helped.
I dont do pelvic springing anymore, just apply binder if sig mech of injury and leave it on till xray cleared or they get to trauma centre. The USS assessment sounds quick and easy though of the symphysis but not sure if it changes what I already do. I dont scan enough iliac wings to be confident I will pick up a fracture but maybe I should start trying..or maybe not!
Casey, like Tim, you honour the tradition of the rural doctor by striving to promote best practice in emergency rural medicine, in Australia, via social media. light the path, my friend!
In the small-world of WA (big state) I found this paper http://pdm.medicine.wisc.edu/Volume_24/issue_2/mazur.pdf
by Dr Rippey (Ultrasound Village) who flew to Port Hedland as part of the Disaster team during Cyclone George. Of course, I was the doc on the ground in the desert that day!
If you read my post on the evacuation experience from TC George – this is a fascinating look at the use of US in the setting of a hospital without an XRay dept receiving mass casualties.
At this time I had not met Dr Rippey – but subsequently learned a lot from his teaching
Coincidences! Man I wish I had a portable US with me that day!
Casey
Ultrasound is also good for pulmonary contusions sens = 95% and spec = 96% in 1 study by Soldatie et al chest 2006 130(2) 533-538. In my somewhat clumsy hands, it is 100% sens and spec but that is with an n of 2 (and being a bit slow, the first time I was at a loss to explain why a healthy 17 year old would have isolated B lines in the chest until I saw the CT)
Great summary – hadnt thought of optic sheath USS til now. Big problem is getting enough of these machines ‘out there’ – in clinic, in resus, in the field. I’ve just taken Minh’s advice and schmooed the local State USS rep to pick up an ex-demo Titan sonosite at a good price. No Medicare rebate for me doing a scan, but if it adds to patient care, I am all for it…
Thanks Casey for this summary.
Casey, a wonderful summary, as usual. Regarding the optic nerve sheath diameter – this was a hot topic a few years ago and was being touted as the answer to everything. Like so many other areas, it then went quiet and there’s not much heard anymore, which suggests to me that it’s not as useful as hoped. My take (note: it has been a while since I read all the papers so there may be something new and my memory gets vague at times):
– there is good evidence that ONSD does change with ICP, and quickly (there was a ?German study where they withdrew then injected into the CSF to show this, and a more recent one that looked at post dural puncture headache and responses to blood patches),
– the normal values usually quoted were from an old paper with old machine (does that matter?),
– the papers that directly compared ONSD with ICP or CT usually have a much higher cutoff from what was previously said to be normal (?I wonder if related to ventilation and PEEP)
– ? may be useful to rule out raised ICP, but many (particularly ventilated) patients will be above the cutoff (which needs to be low not to miss any)
– probably not useful to diagnose raised ICP, unless you had an earlier reading to compare with (poor specificity, I know one hospital abandoned the idea when they scanned each other and half the doctors were above a quoted cutoff for raised ICP)
From a clinical perspective (and yes I work where we can get CTs readily), I also worry about not imaging the patient with decreased consciousness even if I knew the ICP was normal (they can still have a subdural that I want to know about). Maybe more useful in the unconscious pt once ventilated and post CT to monitor progress. In setting without CT, then may have a small role in particular clinical settings, but I’d be cautious until the big study you hope for is done
cheers
Adrian
Adrian, I mostly agree with you. The evidence is mixed and ONSD for ICP is still not Ready for prime time. I argue though it has a small role in remote retrieval from locations where CT is no available. The value is that it is readily repeated and noninvasive. The trend in the reading is what is important in the prehospital setting. It would be fair to say that during retrieval and out in remote locations, for the severely head injured patient, often intubated and ventilated, its difficult to know what to do to improve neurologic outcomes apart from maintaining oxygenation and cerebral perfusion. Its fair to say that sometimes indiscriminate use of mannitol and hypertonic saline and hyperventilation is applied because the doctor thinks there is raised ICP. If ONSD can reliably guide this and minimise use of potentially harmful interventions then in my view its role is reasonable in that regard.
Why give mannitol in the borderline hypotensive patient if you think there is raised ICP due to poor discriminators like rising BP and decreasing HR? Abut it happens all the time, because there is nothing else we think we can do to help…when in fact we are probably causing harm.
Very reasoned and sensible comments – agree that this it the type of scenario where it may be useful
cheers
Adrian